A Plain Teaching Aid to Demonstrate
How Can Heat Transfer Occurs in the Gas
and How Wind or Tornado is Generated
Mujahidin Agus
SMAN 01 Unggulan Kamanre
Jln. Trans Sulawesi Km. 329 Kab. Luwu Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
Jidint.agus@gmail.com
Abstract
The use of teaching aid in learning is very important, so that the teachers have to arrange and create what they need by their own efforts. Therefore, they can obtain their teaching aid in low price, perhaps may possibly be a new innovative one.
This proposed teaching aid made of waste materials, as it costs less price. Those materials can be found around the country. Because of its simplicity, it is easy and fast to make it, eventhough by the pupils in the classroom.
This teaching aid has two kinds of functions, i.e. to demonstrate heat transfer in the gas/air by convection process; and to show how the wind and tornado are generated. The use of their own handmade tool can develop the pupils’ spirit in learning, so their intelligence. During demonstration, they can witness the natural occurrence like the real process without field research. They can understand the essence of what they learn about by their own experiments. They can train their skill to think analytically and creatively. They can learn to carry out methodical research by observe, analyze, interprete, and discuss its results. The pupils’ competency will increase not only their knowledge, but also skills and attitudes.
Keywords: simple teaching aid, heat transfer, wind, tornado.
I. INTRODUCTION
Using demonstration tools or media in teaching is important and determines process of reaching learning goals. But, it is commonly faces by teachers, the lack of demonstration tools and media. This condition makes the learning process going in uninteresting thing, no variation and makes the students bore.
Actually, this problem can be handled if the teacher has concerning and enough creativity. Despite the fact that one of teacher’s important duty is to make and use media or demonstration tools in his/her teaching process, so that it is not always have to fulfill this by buying one. In other hand, there are too many topics or concepts in science which need teaching aids or demonstration tools to teaching it, but the tools are difficult to be found, even not found in the market. Besides that, too many natural phenomena that witnessed every day by students but it is difficult to be understood and see its occurring process directly. For examples is heat transfer by convection process, gas dissolve, opened and closed air pressure, occurring of wind and tornado, rain, and sea current.
Because of that, the alternate act that can be done by teacher is to make their own demonstration tools or media, e.g. a simple teaching aid which made by waste materials. With enough creativity, the expensive teaching aid in the market can be got with low price.
This paper is proposed to break out the problems like:
1. The lacks of media and teaching aid, especially that can be use to prove the process of heat transfer in the gas and occurring process of wind and tornado.
2. The less of teachers’ motivation in carry out creative teaching by make their own teaching aid.
3. The less of active learning process with put the main role in studying to the students’ centre activities. Inactive learning make the students do not enjoy the learning process.
The main practical goodness of this idea are:
1. The students will be the actor in made and using the tools.
2. The students’ activities in learning process will increase their motivation. They just not know the topic only, they also can observe, analyze, interpret, and finally understand the core of natural phenomenon which they see by their own experiment.
3. This teaching aid can show the real natural fact directly to the students, so that they not have to do observation in the real nature that difficult to be done.
4. The material that required to make this tools are easily to be found, low price, and easy to make and fast.
Before using this tools, it is difficult to give prove about process of heat transfer and occurring of wind and tornado. The students just read about this topic in the text book and pay attention to the teacher who explains the process.
II. METHOD
The kind of innovation in this paper is create/invent a tool as teaching aid which can be used to demonstrate process of heat transfer by convection movement mass of gas. This tool can also be used to show how can the wind and tornado is generated. Therefore, one tool has several functions.
This tool can be applied in physics teaching for 10 grade students on Semester 2. The standard of competency is to analyze the way of heat transfer. It can also be used by geography teacher to teach topic about atmosphere in standard of competency to analyze atmosphere and its effects to the livelihood on earth surface for 10 grade students on Semester 2.
The base concept or principle is to participate students in observation about natural phenomenon those they meet every day, but not easy to do directly. Because of that, it is needed a simple tool which can show evidence naturally. Besides that, there are too many waste materials that can be use to make teaching aid and help teacher to conduct creative, effective, and enjoy teaching.
The teaching aid invention is shown on this picture below:
Equipments and materials that be needed to make it are:
1. A sharp knife or cutter.
2. A ruler.
3. A plastic can (container) with its cap.
4. A candle and a match.
5. A plate stone (+ diameter 5 cm).
The steps to make it are:
1. Make three holes (A, B, and C) on container side, about 4 cm from its bottom. Diameter of these holes is 3, 2, and 1 cm respectively. These holes must on the same distant each others.
2. Make one more hole (D) with 1 cm diameter on straight direction with hole A (the biggest), near the top of container (about 5 cm from its cap).
3. Cut the candle about 4 cm long. Burn its bottom and put it on the stone.
4. Put the container in laying position. The hole A must on upper position. Entering the stone (with candle) in to the container. The candle must below the hole A. Then close the container using its cap.
5. The tool is ready.
According to the useful of this tool i.e. has two functions, there two ways in using it. The first is to demonstrate heat transfer in gas convection movement. This experiment is also shown how the wind can occur. The second is to show how the tornado is generated.
In using the tool, we need:
1. A match.
2. A wood stick about 30 cm long.
3. Anti mosquito burning stick, three sticks each about 5 cm long.
4. Plastic plaster (sticky bandage), about 15 cm long.
A. The experiment of heat transfer and wind occurrence
This experiment has two methods of the tool usage. Steps of the first method are:
1. Firstly, the hole B and C have to be closed using sticky bandage. Make sure that no air can pass the holes.
2. Burn the anti mosquito stick. When the flame occurs to the stick, blow it to stop burning and leave the smoke. Put it on safe place for a while.
3. Burn the wood stick and use it to light up the candle.
4. Take the anti mosquito stick, make it close to the hole D.
5. Observe what happen to the smoke.
6. Compare if the cap of container is opened. Also compare when the smoke is put near the mouth of container.
Steps of the second method are:
1. Open the cap of container. Make the container in standing position.
2. Put the stone (with candle) on the middle of bottom side of container.
3. Open the hole A and close the hole B, C, and D using sticky bandage.
4. Burn the anti mosquito stick. When the flame occurs to the stick, blow it to stop burning and leave the smoke. Put it on safe place for a while.
5. Burn the wood stick and use it to light up the candle.
6. Take the anti mosquito stick, make it close to the hole A.
7. Observe what happen to the smoke.
8. Compare if the hole B is opened and hole A is closed, or if the hole C is opened and hole A and B is closed. Also compare if two holes is opened.
Occurrence
For the first method, the smoke will enter in to the container at hole D and will going out at hole A. If the container’s cap is opened, the smoke will still enter in to the container and going out at hole A.
This phenomenon is showing process of heat transfer by gas molecules movement or flow. The hot air above the flame of candle has low pressure and will flowing upward. This hot air will warm the cool air above it. Since the hot air leaves its place, the cool air will enter to the container at hole D and fill the place which leaved by hot air. The cool air finally will be warmed then and being hot when pass the flame, then will raise upward out off the container. This occurrence will always happen as long as the difference of air occurs between inner air and outer air of the container. This means that the heat will transfer by conduction process, i.e. the heat move at the same time with the flow of air molecules.
In geo-science (meteorology), this occurrence related to the process of winds generating. The winds will flow from higher air pressure region toward the lower region. High pressure occurs at lower air temperature i.e. outside of container, and lower pressure occurs at higher air temperature i.e. inside of container. This phenomenon is proving the true of Buys Ballot’s Law.
In the second method, the smoke will enter in to container at open hole and going out (upward) at the mouth of container. The explanation of this phenomenon is same with the first method.
My tool is very simple, easy to be prepared, very cheap, and easy to be used. The student can make it in the class about 10 minutes. The fund we need to make it is about Rp 5.000,- (US$4). This tool is more simple than the tool which always be drawn in the text book like below picture.
I had ever made the tool like this picture to compare with my own tool. Its cost is Rp. 122.000,- (US$10). Besides its expensiveness, there are several weaknesses, i.e.:
1. We have to prepare a special glass that has two holes. It is difficult to find specialist to make the holes.
2. It need long time to construct it because need special glue and equipment.
3. It is difficult if student want to make it by their selves because it needs high skill.
4. If the candle finally exhausted, it is difficult to put the new one.
5. It has a big risky because of its weight and fragile.
B. The experiment of tornado occurrence.
The steps in demonstration of tornado occurrence are:
1. Open the cap of container. Make the container in standing position.
2. Put the stone (with candle) on the middle of bottom side of container.
3. Open the three holes A, B, and C, but hole D must be closed using sticky bandage.
4. Burn the anti mosquito stick. When the flame occurs to the stick, blow it to stop burning and leave the smoke. Let your friend clutch them for a while.
5. Burn the wood stick and use it to light up the candle.
6. With your friend, make the smoke close to the hole A, B, and C.
7. Observe what happen to the smoke, look intently it from upward.
Occurrence
In experiment about tornado occurrence, the smoke will enter in to the container at all holes (A, B, and C). The smoke will run into one each other at the place of flame. This will make the smoke spin in same direction and move upward, out of container. This smoke movement likes the tornado’s spinning.
Tornado occurs commonly begin by the forming of thunderstorms. This thunderstorms start with forming of cumulonimbus cloud. In that process, warm or hot air mass which moistening and wet condition will flow upward and reach highest level. On the other side, the dry air at the upper level will fall down. Interaction between two mass air will produce spinning flow of air. This spinning will pull lower level of air mass to upward. Then, the air mass around this place will move toward the centre of tornado (corner region). The spinning will still occurs until the warm air mass which fill the corner region finally decrease and weak/slow. Then, the air mass movement will dominate by cool air that flowing dawn ward, and the tornado will finish.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of this tool implementation in the learning process are:
a. All of students actively participate in tool making process, experiment, and discussion.
b. The level of topic understanding generally equal between student and class
The advantages of this innovation are:
1. Motivation of student is high to make and use their own tool. All of them active in learning, especially when do experiment. They enjoy the learning process.
2. High participation is also shown when they discuss their observation results.
3. Generally they can understand the topic clearer than read the text book.
4. Understanding degree is almost equal among them.
5. The student can be trained to perform research by understanding about observation, analysis, and interpretation.
6. The student can see the real evidence and understand natural phenomenon that very difficult to be seen directly in real being.
7. The student can be motivated to use their scientific thinking, creativity, and innovation in their real live.
8. To add the competency of student, not only its knowledge, their other skill too, e.g. the brave to talk or convey their idea and their attitudes to respect each other.
9. To add kind of teaching aid that simple, cheap, easy, and can be made by our own capability, therefore the student.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Teaching aid is very useful to bring a real natural phenomenon in to the class room, especially which cannot be observed directly. This condition, of course, being a challenge for teachers to arrange, make, and use an appropriate teaching aid. But unfortunately, some teachers cannot fulfill their need for that stuff. Therefore, there are many natural phenomena or substantive subject cannot be proved by the student directly. For examples, heat transfer in the gas (air), occurence of rain, wind, and tornado.
The teaching aid which be arranged by the writer could be one alternative solution for the lack of teaching aids. This tool is used to demonstrate heat transfer in the gas by convection. This tool can also demonstrate wind and tornado occurrence. Since be made from waste goods (plastic can) and other cheap material (stone, palm leaf stick, and candle). This tool can be made in the class room because it’s simple shape and easy construction.
The using of this teaching aid at SMA Negeri 01 Unggulan Kamanre gave good results. The students are very active and take high participation in making process, also in the demonstration. The students also active in discussion and prepare report paper. This class’ condition is very different if learning process do not use teaching aid. Without teaching aid, the student’s activities are very restrictive because they do not have enough knowledge about the topic.
According to the results of t-Test, there is a difference between topic mastering by using teaching aid with no teaching application in the learning process. The topic mastering in teaching aid application is higher than no teaching aid. Besides that, degree of topic mastering by students is more equal among the student and the class level. Since this tool is very useful and has some advantages, it is reasonable if this tool can be broadened it’s using, for primary, junior and high schools.
REFERENCE
Ariwibowo, Y., 2007. Geografi untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. Jakarta: Ganeca Exact.
Barus, PK. & Imam, P., 1997. Fisika 2 untuk Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama Kelas 2. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Library, 2008. Heat Transfer: convection (cd).
Encyclopaedia Britannica Library, 2008. Tornado (cd).
Kanginan, M. 2007. Fisika untuk SMA Kelas X. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Microsoft Encarta Premium, 2009. Heat Transfer: convection (cd).
Microsoft Encarta Premium, 2009. Tornado (cd).
Sellers, AH. & Robinson, PJ. 1988. Contemporary Climatology. England:Longman Group (FE) Ltd.
CURRICULUM VITAE
A. PERSONAL IDENTITY
1. Name : MUJAHIDIN AGUS, S.Pd.,M.Si.,M.Pd.
2. Place/Date of birth : Wajo/17th August 1969
3. Gender : Male
4. Religion : Moslem
5. Institution : SMA Negeri 01 Unggulan Kamanre
6. Address (office) : Jln. Trans Sulawesi Km. 329 Kec. Kamanre Kab. Luwu 91994
(home) : Jln. Yogie S. Memet No. 119 Kec. Wara Selatan Kota Palopo
Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia Pos Code: 91959
7. E-mail : jidint.agus@gmail.com
B. EDUCATION
1. Primary School : Passed on 1982 (SDN Inp. Jongaya Ujungpandang)
2. Junior High School : Passed on 1985 (SMP Negeri Jongaya Ujungpandang)
3. Senior High School : Passed on 1988 (Social Science at SMA Negeri 2 Ujungpandang)
4. Graduated : Passed on 1994 (Geography Education at IKIP Ujungpandang, scholarship from SUPERSEMAR Foundation)
5. Post-Graduated (Master) : Passed on 1998 (Regional Development Planning at Hasanuddin University, scholarship from URGE project by DITJEN DIKTI)
6. English Conversation : Passed on 1999
7. Computer : Passed on 2001 and 2007
8. Post-Graduated (Master) : Passed on 2011 (Education of Indonesian Language - Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, scholarship from Ministry of National Education)
C. INNOVATIONS IN TEACHING AID FOR GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSICS LEARNING
1. Teaching aid for showing sea current occurrence because of different salinity (2002).
2. A simple barometer (2003).
3. Trainer kid for map drawing (2003).
4. Teaching aid for proving of different air pressure because of different temperature, two types (2004).
5. Teaching aid for showing how can wind is generated (2004).
6. Teaching aid for proving of different air pressure because of different temperature (2005).
7. Teaching aid for showing how can wind generated and heat transfer by convection process (2005).
8. A simple thermometer (2005).
9. Teaching aid to prove elasticity of the air (2006).
10. Multifunction teaching aid, five functions in one (2006).
11. Teaching aid for showing how can the wind generated and heat transfer by convection process (2008).
12. Teaching aid for showing sea current occurrence because of different salinity (2008).
13. Teaching aid to show how tornado occurs (2009).
14. Cutaway teaching aid for teaching the dynamic of lithosphere (2012).
15. Cutaway teaching aid for teaching the relief of glacier erosion (2013).
16. Instrument in wind generation (2014), a new type.
17. Some other teaching aids those not used in the class yet.
D. PUBLISHED BOOKS
1. Chimera (science fiction book for Senior High School), the Eighth Winner of Book Writing Competition for teacher, published by PT. Pabelan Cerdas Nusantara, Surakarta (2005).
2. Raja Derik (science fiction book for Junior High School), the Third Winner of Book Writing Competition for teacher, published by PT. Pakar Raya, Bandung (2006).
E. OTHER WORKS
1. Three dimension (relief) map of Sinjai, made of plywood (1991), collected by Geography Department of Makassar State University (UNM).
2. Three dimension (relief) map of South Sulawesi, made by wood of saw-dust (1992), collected by SMA Negeri 1 Sungguminasa Kab. Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan.
3. Three dimension (relief) map of Walanae’s river-basin, made of plywood (1992), collected by Geography Department of Makassar State University (UNM).
4. Poverty Map of South Sulawesi 1993, project by Government of South Sulawesi.
5. Physical Giant Globe (diameter 101 cm), belongs to Geography Department of Makassar State University (UNM), 2005.
6. Drawing/painting arts, advertisement boards, furniture, ceramics, and clothes.
7. World Map on the wall, scale 1 : 8.260.000 (3,3 x 2 m), belongs to SMK Pelayaran Katangka Makassar, 2006.
F. CERTIFICATES
1. Certificate as the Tenth Winner, National Writing Competition for Senior High School Student by Suara Karya Daily Jakarta (1987).
2. Certificate as the First Winner, Poster Competition about Healthy in Ujungpandang (1988).
3. Certificate as the Dedicated Winner, National Anti-Apartheid Caricature Competition by United Nation Information Centre (UNIC) Jakarta (1989).
4. Certificate as the Prestigious Student of IKIP Ujungpandang by Minister of Culture and Education of Indonesia, held in Jakarta (1992).
5. Certificate as the Semi-Finalist, Selection for College Student of the Year by Kartini Magazine and Indonesia Education Television Jakarta (1993).
6. Certificate as the Best Scholar of IKIP Ujungpandang in 1993/1994 year degree.
7. Certificate as the Finalist of Poster Competition by Major of Ujungpandang (1995).
8. Certificate as the Third Winner (for vocational high school teacher), National Competition for Good Teaching Achievement by Minister of National Education, held in Jakarta (2002).
9. Certificate as the Third Winner (for vocational high school teacher), National Competition for Good Teaching Achievement by Minister of National Education, held in Jakarta (2003).
10. Trophy as the Second Winner, Kompas Karikatur & Karikata Award 2004, held in Jakarta.
11. Certificate as the Dedicated Winner (science fiction book for Senior High School), Book Writing Competition for teacher by Head of National Book Affair, held in Jakarta (2004).
12. Certificate as the First Winner (science), National Competition in Creative Teaching by Head of Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), held in Jakarta (2005).
13. Certificate as the Third Winner (science fiction book for Junior High School), Book Writing Competition for teacher by Head of National Book Affair, held in Jakarta (2005).
14. The Winner of National Writing Competition by Pantech, a South Korea hand phone vendor (2006).
15. Certificate as attendant, National Workshop in Innovative Teaching, held in Bogor (2006).
16. Certificate as the First Winner, National Innovative Teaching Competition, held in Jakarta (2006).
17. Certificate as participant, Book Writing Competition by Head of National Book Affair (2006).
18. Trophy and Certificate as the Forth Winner, National Competition in Writing about Early Education by Minister of National Education, held in Jakarta (2007).
19. Indonesia’s Nominee of Beijing Olympic 2008 Torch Bearer, National Writing Competition (in English), held by Lenovo (2007).
20. Certificate as participant, National Competition in Writing about Young Generation by Ministry of Youth and Sport (2007).
21. Certificate as participant, Book Writing Competition by Head of National Book Affair (2007).
22. Certificate as Professional Teacher in Geography (2007).
23. Certificate of Attendance in Innovative Teachers Competition 2008, by PT. Microsoft Indonesia.
24. Trophy and Certificate as the First Winner, Selection for the Most Prestigious Teacher in South Sulawesi (2008) by the Governor of South Sulawesi.
25. Certificate as participant, National Competition in Writing about Early Education by Ministry of National Education (2008).
26. Certificate as participant, National Selection for the Most Prestigious Teacher by Minister of National Education, held in Jakarta (2008).
27. Prestigious Citizen, given by Vice President of Republic Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla, held in Jakarta (2009).
28. Certificate as the Winner of 16th Science Education Award (SEA) 2009 by Indonesia Toray Science Foundation (ITSF) held in Shangri-La Hotel Jakarta, 11th February 2010.
29. TOEFL ITP’s Score by AMINEF Jakarta, score 533, Jakarta (01 Juni 2010).
30. Alternate Candidates in International Leaders in Education Program (ILEP) by American Indonesian Exchange Foundation (AMINEF) 2011.
31. Participant in Training Course on Earth and Space Science for Sustainable Development (South East Asia), held by SEAMEO Regional Centre for QITEP in Science, Bandung (2011).
32. Participant in International Conference Science Teacher and Teacher Development, held by SEAMEO Regional Centre for QITEP in Science, Sanur, Bali (2011).
33. Finalist in National Competition in Creative Teaching by Head of Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), held in Jakarta (2011).
34. The Best Speaker in Selection of Teacher’s Best Practice, held by Ministry of Education, Bogor (2011).
35. Certificate as the Most Prestigious Teacher in Luwu Regency by the Government of Luwu Regency (2012).
36. TOEFL ITP’s Score by AMINEF Jakarta, score 503, Jakarta (04 Juni 2012).
37. Alternate Candidates in International Leaders in Education Program (ILEP) by American Indonesian Exchange Foundation (AMINEF) 2013.
38. The Finalist in Selection of Teacher’s Best Practice, held by Ministry of Education, Bandung (2012).
39. Satyalancana Karya Satya X Tahun by President of Republic of Indonesia (2013).
40. Participant in Training Workshop on Innovative Teaching & Learning of Science through Inquiry-Based Science (IBSE) for Science Educators from ASIA – PACIFIC Region, held by International Science, Technology & Innovation Centre (ISTIC) and SEAMEO Regional Centre for QITEP in Science, Bandung (2013).
I hereby declare that all of the data in my Curriculum Vitae are true.
Belopa, 18th Mart 2014
MUJAHIDIN AGUS
How Can Heat Transfer Occurs in the Gas
and How Wind or Tornado is Generated
Mujahidin Agus
SMAN 01 Unggulan Kamanre
Jln. Trans Sulawesi Km. 329 Kab. Luwu Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia
Jidint.agus@gmail.com
Abstract
The use of teaching aid in learning is very important, so that the teachers have to arrange and create what they need by their own efforts. Therefore, they can obtain their teaching aid in low price, perhaps may possibly be a new innovative one.
This proposed teaching aid made of waste materials, as it costs less price. Those materials can be found around the country. Because of its simplicity, it is easy and fast to make it, eventhough by the pupils in the classroom.
This teaching aid has two kinds of functions, i.e. to demonstrate heat transfer in the gas/air by convection process; and to show how the wind and tornado are generated. The use of their own handmade tool can develop the pupils’ spirit in learning, so their intelligence. During demonstration, they can witness the natural occurrence like the real process without field research. They can understand the essence of what they learn about by their own experiments. They can train their skill to think analytically and creatively. They can learn to carry out methodical research by observe, analyze, interprete, and discuss its results. The pupils’ competency will increase not only their knowledge, but also skills and attitudes.
Keywords: simple teaching aid, heat transfer, wind, tornado.
I. INTRODUCTION
Using demonstration tools or media in teaching is important and determines process of reaching learning goals. But, it is commonly faces by teachers, the lack of demonstration tools and media. This condition makes the learning process going in uninteresting thing, no variation and makes the students bore.
Actually, this problem can be handled if the teacher has concerning and enough creativity. Despite the fact that one of teacher’s important duty is to make and use media or demonstration tools in his/her teaching process, so that it is not always have to fulfill this by buying one. In other hand, there are too many topics or concepts in science which need teaching aids or demonstration tools to teaching it, but the tools are difficult to be found, even not found in the market. Besides that, too many natural phenomena that witnessed every day by students but it is difficult to be understood and see its occurring process directly. For examples is heat transfer by convection process, gas dissolve, opened and closed air pressure, occurring of wind and tornado, rain, and sea current.
Because of that, the alternate act that can be done by teacher is to make their own demonstration tools or media, e.g. a simple teaching aid which made by waste materials. With enough creativity, the expensive teaching aid in the market can be got with low price.
This paper is proposed to break out the problems like:
1. The lacks of media and teaching aid, especially that can be use to prove the process of heat transfer in the gas and occurring process of wind and tornado.
2. The less of teachers’ motivation in carry out creative teaching by make their own teaching aid.
3. The less of active learning process with put the main role in studying to the students’ centre activities. Inactive learning make the students do not enjoy the learning process.
The main practical goodness of this idea are:
1. The students will be the actor in made and using the tools.
2. The students’ activities in learning process will increase their motivation. They just not know the topic only, they also can observe, analyze, interpret, and finally understand the core of natural phenomenon which they see by their own experiment.
3. This teaching aid can show the real natural fact directly to the students, so that they not have to do observation in the real nature that difficult to be done.
4. The material that required to make this tools are easily to be found, low price, and easy to make and fast.
Before using this tools, it is difficult to give prove about process of heat transfer and occurring of wind and tornado. The students just read about this topic in the text book and pay attention to the teacher who explains the process.
II. METHOD
The kind of innovation in this paper is create/invent a tool as teaching aid which can be used to demonstrate process of heat transfer by convection movement mass of gas. This tool can also be used to show how can the wind and tornado is generated. Therefore, one tool has several functions.
This tool can be applied in physics teaching for 10 grade students on Semester 2. The standard of competency is to analyze the way of heat transfer. It can also be used by geography teacher to teach topic about atmosphere in standard of competency to analyze atmosphere and its effects to the livelihood on earth surface for 10 grade students on Semester 2.
The base concept or principle is to participate students in observation about natural phenomenon those they meet every day, but not easy to do directly. Because of that, it is needed a simple tool which can show evidence naturally. Besides that, there are too many waste materials that can be use to make teaching aid and help teacher to conduct creative, effective, and enjoy teaching.
The teaching aid invention is shown on this picture below:
Equipments and materials that be needed to make it are:
1. A sharp knife or cutter.
2. A ruler.
3. A plastic can (container) with its cap.
4. A candle and a match.
5. A plate stone (+ diameter 5 cm).
The steps to make it are:
1. Make three holes (A, B, and C) on container side, about 4 cm from its bottom. Diameter of these holes is 3, 2, and 1 cm respectively. These holes must on the same distant each others.
2. Make one more hole (D) with 1 cm diameter on straight direction with hole A (the biggest), near the top of container (about 5 cm from its cap).
3. Cut the candle about 4 cm long. Burn its bottom and put it on the stone.
4. Put the container in laying position. The hole A must on upper position. Entering the stone (with candle) in to the container. The candle must below the hole A. Then close the container using its cap.
5. The tool is ready.
According to the useful of this tool i.e. has two functions, there two ways in using it. The first is to demonstrate heat transfer in gas convection movement. This experiment is also shown how the wind can occur. The second is to show how the tornado is generated.
In using the tool, we need:
1. A match.
2. A wood stick about 30 cm long.
3. Anti mosquito burning stick, three sticks each about 5 cm long.
4. Plastic plaster (sticky bandage), about 15 cm long.
A. The experiment of heat transfer and wind occurrence
This experiment has two methods of the tool usage. Steps of the first method are:
1. Firstly, the hole B and C have to be closed using sticky bandage. Make sure that no air can pass the holes.
2. Burn the anti mosquito stick. When the flame occurs to the stick, blow it to stop burning and leave the smoke. Put it on safe place for a while.
3. Burn the wood stick and use it to light up the candle.
4. Take the anti mosquito stick, make it close to the hole D.
5. Observe what happen to the smoke.
6. Compare if the cap of container is opened. Also compare when the smoke is put near the mouth of container.
Steps of the second method are:
1. Open the cap of container. Make the container in standing position.
2. Put the stone (with candle) on the middle of bottom side of container.
3. Open the hole A and close the hole B, C, and D using sticky bandage.
4. Burn the anti mosquito stick. When the flame occurs to the stick, blow it to stop burning and leave the smoke. Put it on safe place for a while.
5. Burn the wood stick and use it to light up the candle.
6. Take the anti mosquito stick, make it close to the hole A.
7. Observe what happen to the smoke.
8. Compare if the hole B is opened and hole A is closed, or if the hole C is opened and hole A and B is closed. Also compare if two holes is opened.
Occurrence
For the first method, the smoke will enter in to the container at hole D and will going out at hole A. If the container’s cap is opened, the smoke will still enter in to the container and going out at hole A.
This phenomenon is showing process of heat transfer by gas molecules movement or flow. The hot air above the flame of candle has low pressure and will flowing upward. This hot air will warm the cool air above it. Since the hot air leaves its place, the cool air will enter to the container at hole D and fill the place which leaved by hot air. The cool air finally will be warmed then and being hot when pass the flame, then will raise upward out off the container. This occurrence will always happen as long as the difference of air occurs between inner air and outer air of the container. This means that the heat will transfer by conduction process, i.e. the heat move at the same time with the flow of air molecules.
In geo-science (meteorology), this occurrence related to the process of winds generating. The winds will flow from higher air pressure region toward the lower region. High pressure occurs at lower air temperature i.e. outside of container, and lower pressure occurs at higher air temperature i.e. inside of container. This phenomenon is proving the true of Buys Ballot’s Law.
In the second method, the smoke will enter in to container at open hole and going out (upward) at the mouth of container. The explanation of this phenomenon is same with the first method.
My tool is very simple, easy to be prepared, very cheap, and easy to be used. The student can make it in the class about 10 minutes. The fund we need to make it is about Rp 5.000,- (US$4). This tool is more simple than the tool which always be drawn in the text book like below picture.
I had ever made the tool like this picture to compare with my own tool. Its cost is Rp. 122.000,- (US$10). Besides its expensiveness, there are several weaknesses, i.e.:
1. We have to prepare a special glass that has two holes. It is difficult to find specialist to make the holes.
2. It need long time to construct it because need special glue and equipment.
3. It is difficult if student want to make it by their selves because it needs high skill.
4. If the candle finally exhausted, it is difficult to put the new one.
5. It has a big risky because of its weight and fragile.
B. The experiment of tornado occurrence.
The steps in demonstration of tornado occurrence are:
1. Open the cap of container. Make the container in standing position.
2. Put the stone (with candle) on the middle of bottom side of container.
3. Open the three holes A, B, and C, but hole D must be closed using sticky bandage.
4. Burn the anti mosquito stick. When the flame occurs to the stick, blow it to stop burning and leave the smoke. Let your friend clutch them for a while.
5. Burn the wood stick and use it to light up the candle.
6. With your friend, make the smoke close to the hole A, B, and C.
7. Observe what happen to the smoke, look intently it from upward.
Occurrence
In experiment about tornado occurrence, the smoke will enter in to the container at all holes (A, B, and C). The smoke will run into one each other at the place of flame. This will make the smoke spin in same direction and move upward, out of container. This smoke movement likes the tornado’s spinning.
Tornado occurs commonly begin by the forming of thunderstorms. This thunderstorms start with forming of cumulonimbus cloud. In that process, warm or hot air mass which moistening and wet condition will flow upward and reach highest level. On the other side, the dry air at the upper level will fall down. Interaction between two mass air will produce spinning flow of air. This spinning will pull lower level of air mass to upward. Then, the air mass around this place will move toward the centre of tornado (corner region). The spinning will still occurs until the warm air mass which fill the corner region finally decrease and weak/slow. Then, the air mass movement will dominate by cool air that flowing dawn ward, and the tornado will finish.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of this tool implementation in the learning process are:
a. All of students actively participate in tool making process, experiment, and discussion.
b. The level of topic understanding generally equal between student and class
The advantages of this innovation are:
1. Motivation of student is high to make and use their own tool. All of them active in learning, especially when do experiment. They enjoy the learning process.
2. High participation is also shown when they discuss their observation results.
3. Generally they can understand the topic clearer than read the text book.
4. Understanding degree is almost equal among them.
5. The student can be trained to perform research by understanding about observation, analysis, and interpretation.
6. The student can see the real evidence and understand natural phenomenon that very difficult to be seen directly in real being.
7. The student can be motivated to use their scientific thinking, creativity, and innovation in their real live.
8. To add the competency of student, not only its knowledge, their other skill too, e.g. the brave to talk or convey their idea and their attitudes to respect each other.
9. To add kind of teaching aid that simple, cheap, easy, and can be made by our own capability, therefore the student.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Teaching aid is very useful to bring a real natural phenomenon in to the class room, especially which cannot be observed directly. This condition, of course, being a challenge for teachers to arrange, make, and use an appropriate teaching aid. But unfortunately, some teachers cannot fulfill their need for that stuff. Therefore, there are many natural phenomena or substantive subject cannot be proved by the student directly. For examples, heat transfer in the gas (air), occurence of rain, wind, and tornado.
The teaching aid which be arranged by the writer could be one alternative solution for the lack of teaching aids. This tool is used to demonstrate heat transfer in the gas by convection. This tool can also demonstrate wind and tornado occurrence. Since be made from waste goods (plastic can) and other cheap material (stone, palm leaf stick, and candle). This tool can be made in the class room because it’s simple shape and easy construction.
The using of this teaching aid at SMA Negeri 01 Unggulan Kamanre gave good results. The students are very active and take high participation in making process, also in the demonstration. The students also active in discussion and prepare report paper. This class’ condition is very different if learning process do not use teaching aid. Without teaching aid, the student’s activities are very restrictive because they do not have enough knowledge about the topic.
According to the results of t-Test, there is a difference between topic mastering by using teaching aid with no teaching application in the learning process. The topic mastering in teaching aid application is higher than no teaching aid. Besides that, degree of topic mastering by students is more equal among the student and the class level. Since this tool is very useful and has some advantages, it is reasonable if this tool can be broadened it’s using, for primary, junior and high schools.
REFERENCE
Ariwibowo, Y., 2007. Geografi untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. Jakarta: Ganeca Exact.
Barus, PK. & Imam, P., 1997. Fisika 2 untuk Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama Kelas 2. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Library, 2008. Heat Transfer: convection (cd).
Encyclopaedia Britannica Library, 2008. Tornado (cd).
Kanginan, M. 2007. Fisika untuk SMA Kelas X. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Microsoft Encarta Premium, 2009. Heat Transfer: convection (cd).
Microsoft Encarta Premium, 2009. Tornado (cd).
Sellers, AH. & Robinson, PJ. 1988. Contemporary Climatology. England:Longman Group (FE) Ltd.
CURRICULUM VITAE
A. PERSONAL IDENTITY
1. Name : MUJAHIDIN AGUS, S.Pd.,M.Si.,M.Pd.
2. Place/Date of birth : Wajo/17th August 1969
3. Gender : Male
4. Religion : Moslem
5. Institution : SMA Negeri 01 Unggulan Kamanre
6. Address (office) : Jln. Trans Sulawesi Km. 329 Kec. Kamanre Kab. Luwu 91994
(home) : Jln. Yogie S. Memet No. 119 Kec. Wara Selatan Kota Palopo
Prov. Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia Pos Code: 91959
7. E-mail : jidint.agus@gmail.com
B. EDUCATION
1. Primary School : Passed on 1982 (SDN Inp. Jongaya Ujungpandang)
2. Junior High School : Passed on 1985 (SMP Negeri Jongaya Ujungpandang)
3. Senior High School : Passed on 1988 (Social Science at SMA Negeri 2 Ujungpandang)
4. Graduated : Passed on 1994 (Geography Education at IKIP Ujungpandang, scholarship from SUPERSEMAR Foundation)
5. Post-Graduated (Master) : Passed on 1998 (Regional Development Planning at Hasanuddin University, scholarship from URGE project by DITJEN DIKTI)
6. English Conversation : Passed on 1999
7. Computer : Passed on 2001 and 2007
8. Post-Graduated (Master) : Passed on 2011 (Education of Indonesian Language - Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, scholarship from Ministry of National Education)
C. INNOVATIONS IN TEACHING AID FOR GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSICS LEARNING
1. Teaching aid for showing sea current occurrence because of different salinity (2002).
2. A simple barometer (2003).
3. Trainer kid for map drawing (2003).
4. Teaching aid for proving of different air pressure because of different temperature, two types (2004).
5. Teaching aid for showing how can wind is generated (2004).
6. Teaching aid for proving of different air pressure because of different temperature (2005).
7. Teaching aid for showing how can wind generated and heat transfer by convection process (2005).
8. A simple thermometer (2005).
9. Teaching aid to prove elasticity of the air (2006).
10. Multifunction teaching aid, five functions in one (2006).
11. Teaching aid for showing how can the wind generated and heat transfer by convection process (2008).
12. Teaching aid for showing sea current occurrence because of different salinity (2008).
13. Teaching aid to show how tornado occurs (2009).
14. Cutaway teaching aid for teaching the dynamic of lithosphere (2012).
15. Cutaway teaching aid for teaching the relief of glacier erosion (2013).
16. Instrument in wind generation (2014), a new type.
17. Some other teaching aids those not used in the class yet.
D. PUBLISHED BOOKS
1. Chimera (science fiction book for Senior High School), the Eighth Winner of Book Writing Competition for teacher, published by PT. Pabelan Cerdas Nusantara, Surakarta (2005).
2. Raja Derik (science fiction book for Junior High School), the Third Winner of Book Writing Competition for teacher, published by PT. Pakar Raya, Bandung (2006).
E. OTHER WORKS
1. Three dimension (relief) map of Sinjai, made of plywood (1991), collected by Geography Department of Makassar State University (UNM).
2. Three dimension (relief) map of South Sulawesi, made by wood of saw-dust (1992), collected by SMA Negeri 1 Sungguminasa Kab. Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan.
3. Three dimension (relief) map of Walanae’s river-basin, made of plywood (1992), collected by Geography Department of Makassar State University (UNM).
4. Poverty Map of South Sulawesi 1993, project by Government of South Sulawesi.
5. Physical Giant Globe (diameter 101 cm), belongs to Geography Department of Makassar State University (UNM), 2005.
6. Drawing/painting arts, advertisement boards, furniture, ceramics, and clothes.
7. World Map on the wall, scale 1 : 8.260.000 (3,3 x 2 m), belongs to SMK Pelayaran Katangka Makassar, 2006.
F. CERTIFICATES
1. Certificate as the Tenth Winner, National Writing Competition for Senior High School Student by Suara Karya Daily Jakarta (1987).
2. Certificate as the First Winner, Poster Competition about Healthy in Ujungpandang (1988).
3. Certificate as the Dedicated Winner, National Anti-Apartheid Caricature Competition by United Nation Information Centre (UNIC) Jakarta (1989).
4. Certificate as the Prestigious Student of IKIP Ujungpandang by Minister of Culture and Education of Indonesia, held in Jakarta (1992).
5. Certificate as the Semi-Finalist, Selection for College Student of the Year by Kartini Magazine and Indonesia Education Television Jakarta (1993).
6. Certificate as the Best Scholar of IKIP Ujungpandang in 1993/1994 year degree.
7. Certificate as the Finalist of Poster Competition by Major of Ujungpandang (1995).
8. Certificate as the Third Winner (for vocational high school teacher), National Competition for Good Teaching Achievement by Minister of National Education, held in Jakarta (2002).
9. Certificate as the Third Winner (for vocational high school teacher), National Competition for Good Teaching Achievement by Minister of National Education, held in Jakarta (2003).
10. Trophy as the Second Winner, Kompas Karikatur & Karikata Award 2004, held in Jakarta.
11. Certificate as the Dedicated Winner (science fiction book for Senior High School), Book Writing Competition for teacher by Head of National Book Affair, held in Jakarta (2004).
12. Certificate as the First Winner (science), National Competition in Creative Teaching by Head of Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), held in Jakarta (2005).
13. Certificate as the Third Winner (science fiction book for Junior High School), Book Writing Competition for teacher by Head of National Book Affair, held in Jakarta (2005).
14. The Winner of National Writing Competition by Pantech, a South Korea hand phone vendor (2006).
15. Certificate as attendant, National Workshop in Innovative Teaching, held in Bogor (2006).
16. Certificate as the First Winner, National Innovative Teaching Competition, held in Jakarta (2006).
17. Certificate as participant, Book Writing Competition by Head of National Book Affair (2006).
18. Trophy and Certificate as the Forth Winner, National Competition in Writing about Early Education by Minister of National Education, held in Jakarta (2007).
19. Indonesia’s Nominee of Beijing Olympic 2008 Torch Bearer, National Writing Competition (in English), held by Lenovo (2007).
20. Certificate as participant, National Competition in Writing about Young Generation by Ministry of Youth and Sport (2007).
21. Certificate as participant, Book Writing Competition by Head of National Book Affair (2007).
22. Certificate as Professional Teacher in Geography (2007).
23. Certificate of Attendance in Innovative Teachers Competition 2008, by PT. Microsoft Indonesia.
24. Trophy and Certificate as the First Winner, Selection for the Most Prestigious Teacher in South Sulawesi (2008) by the Governor of South Sulawesi.
25. Certificate as participant, National Competition in Writing about Early Education by Ministry of National Education (2008).
26. Certificate as participant, National Selection for the Most Prestigious Teacher by Minister of National Education, held in Jakarta (2008).
27. Prestigious Citizen, given by Vice President of Republic Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla, held in Jakarta (2009).
28. Certificate as the Winner of 16th Science Education Award (SEA) 2009 by Indonesia Toray Science Foundation (ITSF) held in Shangri-La Hotel Jakarta, 11th February 2010.
29. TOEFL ITP’s Score by AMINEF Jakarta, score 533, Jakarta (01 Juni 2010).
30. Alternate Candidates in International Leaders in Education Program (ILEP) by American Indonesian Exchange Foundation (AMINEF) 2011.
31. Participant in Training Course on Earth and Space Science for Sustainable Development (South East Asia), held by SEAMEO Regional Centre for QITEP in Science, Bandung (2011).
32. Participant in International Conference Science Teacher and Teacher Development, held by SEAMEO Regional Centre for QITEP in Science, Sanur, Bali (2011).
33. Finalist in National Competition in Creative Teaching by Head of Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), held in Jakarta (2011).
34. The Best Speaker in Selection of Teacher’s Best Practice, held by Ministry of Education, Bogor (2011).
35. Certificate as the Most Prestigious Teacher in Luwu Regency by the Government of Luwu Regency (2012).
36. TOEFL ITP’s Score by AMINEF Jakarta, score 503, Jakarta (04 Juni 2012).
37. Alternate Candidates in International Leaders in Education Program (ILEP) by American Indonesian Exchange Foundation (AMINEF) 2013.
38. The Finalist in Selection of Teacher’s Best Practice, held by Ministry of Education, Bandung (2012).
39. Satyalancana Karya Satya X Tahun by President of Republic of Indonesia (2013).
40. Participant in Training Workshop on Innovative Teaching & Learning of Science through Inquiry-Based Science (IBSE) for Science Educators from ASIA – PACIFIC Region, held by International Science, Technology & Innovation Centre (ISTIC) and SEAMEO Regional Centre for QITEP in Science, Bandung (2013).
I hereby declare that all of the data in my Curriculum Vitae are true.
Belopa, 18th Mart 2014
MUJAHIDIN AGUS
No comments:
Post a Comment